roads and highways ice free during severe winter weather. According to the report by Findlay and Kelly, salt usage for deicing roads was at 23 million tons in 2005 compared to 10 million tons in 1985 (59, Fig. 1), which is a 57% increase in usage over the last twenty years. In another report by Kim and Koretsky, salt usage for deicing roads was at 164,000 tons in 1940 compared to 15 million tons at the turn of the 21st century (343), which is a 99% increase over the last 60 years. Due to this substantial…
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